Study Material Class –XII History

Student Support Material Class –XII  History

                          

                   CONTENTS

         

            Themes                                                                                                           

   1.      Bricks, Beads and Bones                                                                                   

   2.      Kings, Farmers and Town                                                                               

   3.      Kinship, Caste and Class                                                                                  

   4.      Thinkers, beliefs and buildings                                                                    

   5.      Through the eyes of travellers                                                                        

   6.      Bhakti-Sufi traditions                                                                                       

   7.      An imperial capital: Vijayanagra                                                                   

   8.      Peasants, Zamindars and the states                                                                

   9.      Kings and chronicles                                                                                                                     

  10.  Colonialism and the countryside                                                                    

  11.  Rebels and the Raj                                                                                           

  12.  Colonial cities                                                                                                   

  13.  Mahatma Gandhi and the nationalist movement                                          

  14.  Understanding partition                                                                                   

  15.  Framing the constitution                                                                                  

THEME-1

    BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES

The Harappan Civilization

V. S. A (2 Marks)

Q.1 Our Knowledge about the Indus Valley Civilization is poorer than that of other civilizations, why?

Ans:-  Because – 

·         We are not capable to read the script of that age till now.

·         Dependency on only archaeological sources .i.e. Buildings, seal, beads etc.

·         For other civilization literary sources are available unlike Indus Valley Civilization.

Q.2 List the raw material required for craft production in Indus Valley Civilizations and how these might have been  obtained?

Ans:-

·         Stone –like carnelian, jasper, crystal quartz, and steatite.

·         Metal – like- copper, bronze, gold.

·         Shell , faience and terracotta method of procuring material for craft                                      production-

·         A. They established settlement near  the source of material –eg Nageshwar Balakot-

·         B. They might have sent expeditions to areas such as the Khaitari region of Rajasthan (for copper) and south India (for gold)

Q.3 What was the confusion in the mind of Cunningham while studying Harappa Civilization?

Ans:-

·         He used the accounts left by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims who had visited India between the fourth and seventh century.

·         He thought that Indian history began with the first cities in the Ganga Valley.

Q.4 What were the differences in techniques adopted by Marshall and wheeler in studying Indus Valley civilization.

Ans:-

·         Marshall tended to excavate along regular horizontal units, measured uniformly throughout the mound ignoring the studying Indus valley civilization.

·         Marshall tended to excavate along regular horizontal units, measured uniformly throughout the mound ignoring the stratigraphy of the site. Due to this techniques valuable information about the context of these finds was irretrievably lost. Wheelers recognized that it was necessary to follow the stratigraphy of the mound rather than dig mechanically along uniform horizontal lines.

Q.5 What were the features of settlements of pre- Harappa period?

Ans:-

·      They had no large buildings.

·      There was a prevalence of agriculture and cattle rearing

·      Some people were also engaged in sculpture.

·      There was no well-planned network of roads and drainage system.

Q.6      How did the Harappans obtain red colour of carnelian?

Ans:-

·         Harappans obtained red color of carnelian by firing the yellowish raw material and beads at various stage of production.

Q.7      How do we know about the social difference among the Harappans?

Ans:-

·         By study of the structure of burials and things found from these burials.

·         By classifying artifacts into useful and luxurious things.

Q.8   How you can say that the people of MOHENJODARO were concerned about their privacy?

Ans:-

·         On the basis of residential buildings’ special structure.

·         The main entrance of the houses was made in such a way that it did not give a direct view of the interior or the courtyard

·         There were no windows in the walls along the ground level.

Q.9      Mention any four items found in the graves of the HARAPPANS?

Ans:-

·         Jewellary of both men and women ornaments consisting of three shell rings, a jasper (Semi precious Stones) Beads and copper mirror.

Q.10   What were the animals of HARAPPANS civilization?

Ans:-

·         Pet animals :- Cattle , Sheep , Goat , Buffalo , Pig

·         Wild animal: - Boar, Deer, Ghariyal.

·         Q.11 List the food items available to the people in Harappan civilization?

·         Products taken from plants

·         Fish and flesh

·         Wheat, Millet, Pulses, rice etc.

Q.12 How you can say that there was a break between the early Harappan and the late Harappan Civilization?

Ans:-

·         There is evidence of large scale burning at some places or sites.

·         The abandonment of certain settlements

S. A. (4 Marks)

Q.13 Why is Harappan script considered an enigmatic script or mysterious script?

OR

   What are the main characteristics of Harappan Script?

Ans:-

• Because it has not been possible to decipher it so far. Its mystery has still not been solved yet.
• It was not alphabetical. It had too many signs; all the signs symbolized certain things.

• The sign of this script wereof the period 375 to 400.
• The script has been found on a variety of objects

Q.14 Write a note on the agriculture technology of Harappans?

Ans:-

·         The prevalence of agriculture is indicated by finds of grains in various sites of civilization Archaeologist have found evidence of a ploughed field at seals and terracotta sculpture indicates that the bull was known and archeologists explain from this that oxen were used for ploughing.

·         Two differences were growth together.

·         Canals and wells were constructed for irrigation. Traces of canals have been found all the Harappan site of Shortughai in Afghanistan, Water reservoirs have been found in Dhaulavira.

Q.15 How can you say that the Harappan culture was an urban one?

Ans:-

·         We can say that the Harappan culture was an urban one because :-

• The cities was well planned into upper and lower town.
• The roads were straight and wide.
• The houses were made of burnt bricks and contained more than one storey. Every house had a well and bathroom.
• The Drainage system was excellent with house drains emptying into street drains.
• Existence of public buildings.
• Lothal had a dockyard and was an important trading Centre.

Q.16 Write a note on the drainage system of Harappa?

Ans:-

• The drainage was made of mortar lime and gypsum.
• They were covered with big bricks and stones which could be lifted easily to clean the drains .
• Smaller drains from houses on both the sides on the laid main channel.
• Pits were provided for sewage from the houses.

Q.17 Discuss the functions that may have been performed by rulers in Harppan civilization?

Ans:-

• Some archaeologists say that Harappan society had no rulers and that everybody enjoyed equal status.
• Others feel there were no single ruler but several.
• Under the guidance and supervision of the rulers, plans and layout of the city were prepared.
• Big buildings, Palaces, Forts, Tanks, Wells, Canals, granaries etc were constructed under the supervision of rulers.
•  Roads, drains were also constructed and cleanliness was maintained under the overall supervision of ruler.
• The ruler might have taken interest in promoting the farmer to increase production and the craftsmen to promote different handicrafts
• He maintained and controlled extra ordinary uniformity of Harappa’s artefacts like – Seals, Weight and bricks.
• During foreign attack and natural disaster he used to play an active role by providing security and food,
• He used to issue common acceptable coins or seals, weight and measurements.

Q 18- Write a short note on the seals of Indus valley people.

Ans:-

• More than 2000 seals have been found at the various sites.
• They are made up of various materials such as steatite, faience, ivory, pottery etc.
• They are very informative regarding dress, ornaments, hair styles etc.
• By the seals we know about the religions, commercial activities, etc.

Q.19- What do you know about trade and commerce of Indus valley civilization?

Ans:-

• Internal Trade: - was advanced Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa were main trade Centre. Heavy and small weight has been found at these sites. These are made up in the multiple of two as 1:2:4:8:16
• There was strict control on weight and measure.
• International trade – They had trade relation with other countries such as Egypt, OMAN
• The trade was carried both by sea and land
• Probably the metals like gold, silver, Tin and copper and precious stones were imported from the other countries,

Q.20 - How did Harappan civilization come to an end?

Ans:-

·         Some schools have tried to explain the improvement cause which led to the abandonment of the mature Harappan sites by 1800 B.C. Some of them are as follows:-

• By Floods – It is speculated that a sudden flood might have submerged the various town and buried them under the thick layer of mud.
• Due to the change in the course of Indus River.
• Climatic change – It is also possible that there was climate change and drought took place due to deforestation.
• Earthquakes – It is also probable that the nature itself turned the whole land upside down.
• Aryan Invasion - Some scholars say that Aryans were responsible.

Value Based Questions

·         What value do you attach to the work of Sir John Marshall in leaving India three thousand years older than he had found her?

• We owe much to Sir John Marshall.
• He was the director general of Archaeological Survey of India
• By his effort it was proved that there existed a great civilization in India which was contemporary of Mesopotamia.
• For this great – work we attach the value of thank fullness, indebtedness
•  

.

Long Answer (8 Marks)

Q.21 How do archaeologist reconstruct the past?

Ans:-

•  Recovering artefacts through excavation.
• Classification of finds that finds are whether tools or weapons or ornaments or both or something meant for ritual use.
• An understanding of the function of an artifact is often shaped by it resemblance with present day things. Beads, pots are obvious examples.
• Archaeologists reconstruct religious beliefs and practices by examining seals, some of which seen to depict ritual scenes
• Archaeologists often move from known to unknown that is from present to past regarding the reconstruction of religious practices.
• Remains of crops or pits are studied to identify food.
• By observing the different layers of sites they try to find out different things for the information of Socio-economic conditions, religious and cultural life of past people.
• Archaeologists also try to identify the function of an artefact by investigating the context in which it was found.
• Use of indirect evidence eg. for clothing they depend on indirect evidence like description in sculpture.

Source Based Questions

·         Read the given passage carefully and answer the Questionss that follow:-

"Evidence of an "invasion"

·         Deadman Lane is a narrow alley, varying from 3 to 6 feet in width. At the point where the lane turns westward, part of skull and the bones of the thorax and upper arm of an adult were discovered, all in very friable condition, at a depth of 4ft 2in. The body lay on its backs diagonally across the lane. Fifteen inches to the west were a few fragments of a tiny skull. It is to these remains that the lane owes its name. FROM JOHN MARSHAL, Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization, 1931.

§  Sixteen skeletons of people with the ornaments that they were wearing when they died were found from the same part of Mohenjo-Daro in 1925.

§  Much later, in 1947, R.E.M. Wheeler, then Director - General of the ASI, tried to correlate this archeological evidence with that of the Rig-Veda, the earliest known text in the subcontinent. He wrote:

·         The Rig-Veda mentions pur, meaning rampart, fort or stronghold. Indra the Aryan wargod is called purandara, the fort destroyer.

·         Where are - or were - these citadels? It has in the past been supposed that they              were mythical ... The recent excavation of Harappa may be thought to have changed the picture. Here we have a highly evolved civilization of essentially non- Aryan type, now known to have employed massive fortification. What destroyed this family settle civilization?

·         Climatic, economics or political deterioration may have weakened it, but its ultimate extinction is more likely to have been completed by deliberate and large - scale destruction. It may be no mere chance that at a late period of Mohenjo-Daro men, women, and children, appear to have been massacred there. On circumstantial evidence, Indra stands accused.

·         FROM R.E.M. WHEELER, "Harappa 1946”, Ancient India, 1947.

·         In the 1960s, the evidence of massacre in Mohenjo-Daro was Questionsed by an archeologist named George Dales. He Demonstrated that the skeletons found at the site did not belong to the same period: Whereas a couple of them definitely seem to indicate a slaughter, the bulk of the bones were found in contexts suggesting burials of the sloppiest and most irreverent nature. There is no destruction level covering the latest period of the city, no sign of extensive burning, no bodies of warriors clad in armour and surrounded by the weapons of war. The citadel, the only fortified part of the city, yielded no evidence of a final defense.

·         FROM G.F. DALES, "The Mythical Massacre Mohenjo-Daro", Expedition, 1964.

·         As you can see, a careful re-examination of the data can sometimes leads to a reversal of earlier interpretation.

Q1.      Name the archeologist who presented this source?

Ans:     John Marshall

Q2.      Which argument of the destruction of Harappa civilization, does this excerpt                                     indicates?

Ans: - This except indicates that the Harappa civilization was destroyed by foreign invasion.

·         Who co-related this evidence with Rig-Veda? Why?

·         R.E.M.Wheeler. Because, Rig-Veda mentions pur, meaning rampart, fort or strong-hold. Indra, the Aryans’ war-god is called purandara, the fort destroyer.

·         Who and how propounded the theory opposite to this? George Dales. He hesitates to accept that this invasion was carried out by the Aryans.  He demonstrated that the skeletons found at the site did not belong to the same period: Whereas a couple of them definitely seem to indicate a slaughter, the bulk of the bones were found in contexts suggesting burials of the sloppiest and most irreverent nature. There is no sign of extensive burning, no bodies of warriors clad in armour and surrounded by the weapons of war.

Map Based Questions:

·         On the outline map of India show the main archeological sites of Harappan Culture:-

QUESTIONS BANK:

VERY SHORT ANSWERS

·         Q.01:  What is the meaning of culture?

·         Q.02:  Who is the father of Indian Archeology?

·         Q.03: What are the sources to know Indus Valley     Civilization?

·         SHORT ANSWERS

·         Q.01: Explain drainage system of this civilization.

·         Q.02: What were the main Industries in Indus Valley Civilization?

·         LONG ANSWERS

·         Q.1 How do archaeologist reconstruct the past?

THEME-2

KINGS FARMERS AND TOWNS

EARLY STATES AND ECONOMIES

(C. 600 BCE – 600 CE)

V. S. A. (2 Marks)

Q1.   What is Megalith?

Ans:-

·   Megalith was elaborate stone structure in central and south India in first Millennium B.C

·   These were kept on burials

Q2.   Why is six century B.C.E often considered as a major outgoing point in Indian History?

Ans:-         

·         Emergence of early states, cities growing use of iron.

·         Use of coin.

·         New Religion- Buddhism, Jainism.

Q3. Who was Dhamma Mahamatra?

Ans:-                          

·         Special Officer appointed by Ashoka

·         Appointed to spread the massage of Dhamma.

Q4. Who was Kushana?

Ans:-

·         Important dynasty of ancient India.

·         First to issue gold coins in India.

Q5. In which language and script were Ashoka’s scripts written?

Ans:-

·         Language – Prakrit, Aramic, Greek,

·         Script   -  Prakritin Brahmi, Greek Aramic and Kharosthi

Q6. Who was Gahapati?

Ans:-

·      The Owner , master or head of household

·      Owner of the resource – land, animal and other thing that belonged to the house hold.

Q7. Write any two sources of Mauryan History.

 Ans:-

·      Arthashastra of Kautilya.

·      Ashoka’s Inscriptions.

Q.8. What were Mahajanpadas? Name a few important Mahajanpada?

Ans:-  

·      Hints-  (i) Big states in 600 B.C in Northern India

(ii) Important Mahajanpada - (a) Magadh (b) Koshala (c) Avanti (d) Panchal

(e) Vajji (f) Gandhar

Q.9. What is Manusmriti? What advice has been given to the king through it?

Ans:-

·         Legal book, written in Sanskrit, complied between 200 B.C to 200 A.D.

·       Advice to king - Border security.

Q.10. Name the two sacrifice / performed by kings during the Vedic times?

Ans:-.

·          Rajsuya Yagya (b) Ashwamedha Yagya

Q.11. The Inscription of land grants help us to understand rural society in ancient times "How?

Ans:-

·            It - show the glimpse of relationship between the state and the farmers.

·            Hunters, fisherman, sculptors and nomadic farmer were not under the control of feudal lord.

Q.12. List some of the problems faced by epigraphists?

Ans:-

·         Epigraphists - persons who study inscription

·         Sometimes the words are engraved very lightly, so it is very hard to describe them.

·         The inscriptions reflect the views of those who write them. So it may be biased

Q.13. Describe briefly the sources for reconstructing the history of the Gupta rulers?

Ans:-  

·         With the help of literary sources e.g. - Arthshastra by Kautilya.

·         Description by fore foreigners - e.g.Fahiyan.

·         By Prashastis - Harisen prashastis in Prayag.

·         With the help of coins issued by various Kings.

·         With the help of Inscriptions.

S. A. (4 Marks)

Q.14 What is the significance of the inscription of Ashoka in the Indian History?

Ans: -   Hints:

·         It helps to determine the extent of Ashoka’s Empire.

·         It tells about his religion and his thought

·         It tells us about his policy

·         This inscription throws light on the work done by Ashoka

·         These are the beautiful specimen of Mauryan Art.

Q.15.   James Princep provided a new direction to Indian political history how?

Ans:-

·         He deciphered two scripts - Brahmi, Kharoshti.

·         These inscriptions were used earliest inscriptions and coins

·         He throws light on Mauryan ruler Ashoka

·         The research of James Princep gave a new direction to Indian political history

·         Because scholars - (both Indian and Europeans) used the inscription and coins to draw information about the major dynasty.

Q.16.   What method did the Kushanas adopt to attain upper social status?

Ans:-  

·         They represented themselves as a divine figure (Explanation).

·         They prefixed the title Devputra before their name which means the son of God.

·         They show themselves as Divine Kings.

·         They constructed their vast statues as various temples.

Q.17.   Why did the Kings or Powerful people donate land?

Ans:-

·         It was an expansion policy of Agriculture in new fields.

·         Kings donated land to find new supporters.

·         To expose their power and glory by donating land.

   

Q-18   What factors were responsible for the Growth of Magadh from Mahajanpada to powerful Empire?

Ans:-                                

·         Powerful ruler – Bimbisara and Ajastassattu.

·         Availability of Iron

·         Fertile soil

·         Availability of elephants in forest.

·         Role of River – Ganga , Son Punpun,

Q-19 Describe any five features of  Mahajanpada?

Ans:-                

·         Ruled by Kings, some were ruled by Ganas or Sanghas.

·         Fortified Capital

·         Permanent Army

·         Functions of King to collect taxes and Tributes from people

·         Dharmasutras laid down norms for Kings and other People.

Q-20 Value Based Questionss.

1.       Ashoka’s Dhamma is fruitful even today. How?

Ans: - Because it teaches to respect elders, love for young and kindness to subordinate/servants.

·         Religious tolerance to other religions.

·         Liberal policies towards Bharmanas and learned persons.

·         Non- Violence.

Q-21 How does inscription help in reconstruction of history?   

Ans: -             

·         Knowledge about the rulers and their achievement ( By prashasti )

·         Script and language of that time

·         Land grand and economic condition

·         Extent of the empire

·         Social and Religious conditions of Kingdom.

L. A. (8 Marks)

Q-22 What were the main features of Mauryan Administration?

Ans:-

·         Central administration –King had Control over legislative, executive and Judiciary. Actually he was the most powerful person in empire.

·         Providence Administration – the Empire was divided into many provinces governed by governor.

·         Local Government – There was a committee of 3 members to maintain rules and regulations in Patliputra.

·         Existence of cabinet to give advice and to help for running of Administration

·         Five major political centers in empire

·         Organized Army –a Committee with six subcommittees for coordinating military activity.

·         To spread Dhamma Mahamattra.

·         Officers for the land revenue, irrigation and road.

·         Strict Law and Order system was setup.

·         Institution of spice was very strong and working effectively.

SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

Q1. What did the king's officials do?

      Here is an excerpt from the account of Megasthenses:

      Of the great officer of state, some ... superintend the rivers, measure the land, as is done in Egypt, and inspect the sluices by which water is let out from the main canal into their branches, so that everyone may have an equal supply of it. The same person has charge also of the huntsmen, and is entrusted with the power of rewarding or punishing them according to their deserts. They collect the taxes, and superintend the occupations connected with land; as those of the woodcutters, the carpenters, the blacksmiths, and the miners.

Questionss:

·         Explain the duties of the great officers of the state.

·         Explain the role of sub-committees for coordinating military activities.

·         What did Ashoka do to hold his empire together?

Answers:

·         The great officers of the state under the Mauryas did a lot of duties. Some                          superintend the rivers, measure the land, and inspect the sluices by which water was let out from the main canals into their branches. All officers collected the taxes, and superintend the occupation concerned with land, as those of the woodcutters, the carpenters, the blacksmiths, and the miners.

·         According to Megasthenes, they were about six sub-committees for coordinating               military activities, one looked after the navy, the second managed transport and                  provisions, and the third was responsible for foot - soldiers, the fourth for horses, the fifth for chariots and the sixth for elephants.

·         Besides laying the foundation of a strong administrative system, which he inherited           from his grandfather Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka tried to hold his empire together by propagating dharama and ensuring the well-being of his subjects in this world and the next.

                                                    

       QUESTIONS BANK

                                                    VERY SHORT ANSWER    

Q.1  What were Mahajanpadas? Name a few important Mahajanpadas?

Q-2. Who were Kushanas?

Q-3. Write any two sources of Mauryan History.

                                                        SHORT ANSWER  

Q-1 What factors were responsible for the Growth of Magadh from Mahajanpadas to a  powerful Empire?

Q.2 What is the significance of the inscriptions of Ashoka in the Indian History?

Q-3 Describe any five features of Mahajanpada.                                           

 LONG ANSWER

  Q-1  What were the main features of Mauryan Administration?

Theme-3

Kinship, Caste and Class Early Societies

(C. 600 BCE - 600 CE)

V. S. A. (2 Marks)

   Q.1      What were the effects of several changes in between 600 BCE and 600 CE on societies?

Ans.

·         Extension of Agriculture in to Forested areas.

·         Craft specialists often emerged as District social groups.

    Q.2      What sources are used by Historian for understanding of social changes?

Ans.    

·         Textual Traditions.

·         From Inscriptions.

    Q.3      What do you understand by '' The critical edition of the Mahabharata''?

Ans.

·        One of the most ambitious projects of scholarship began in    1919.

·         Under the leadership of a noted Indian Sanskritist V.s. Sukthankar.

·         A team comprising a dozen of scholars initiated the task of preparing a critical edition of the Mahabharata.

Q.4      What was patriliny and Matriliny?

Ans.

·         Patriliny Means trashing descent from father to son, Grandson and so on.

·         Matriliny the term is used when descent is traced through the mother.

            Q.5      What do you understand of Exogamy Marriage types.

            Ans.    

      ·         That the lives of Young girls and women belonging to families that claimed high status after        carefully. 

      ·         Regulated to ensure that they were married at the Right time and to the right person

           Q.6      What were the terms of gotras? What were the rules of gotras?

Ans.

      ·         Each gotra was named after a Vedic. Seer and all those who belonged to the same gotra.

      ·         Two Rules about gotra were particularly very important. Women were expected to give up their father's gotra and adopt that of their husband’s gotra After Marriage.

            Q.7      What were mothers important in Satavahana Rules?

Ans:-  

       ·         Satavahana Rules were Identified through matronymic’s (Names Derived from mother)

·         Although this may suggest that mothers were important were important.

            Q.8      What were the categories made by Brahmanas?

            Ans:-  

       ·         Brahmanas Claimed that this order in which they were ranked. First was divinely ordained.

·         While placing group classified as shudras at the bottom of the social order.

             Q.9      Describe the Duties of the Chand alas.

              Ans :-  

          ·         They had to live outside the village.

          ·        Use discarded utensils.

          ·         Wear Clothes of the dead and ornaments of iron.     

            Q.10    What do you understand by the Term Beyond the four varnas’’?

               Ans:-  

         ·         Brahmanas considered some people as being outside the system. they were called untouchable.'

·         Some activities were Polluting'' those who performed such tasks designated as chandalas''

             Q.11    What do you understand of stridhana (Woman's wealth)?

              Ans:  -  

        ·         According to Manusmriti women were allowed to retain the gift they received on the occasion of their marriage as stridhana.

         ·         This could be inherited by their children.

             Q.12    The historians which elements are considered by historians when they analyse text Book. 

                Ans:-  

           ·         They examine whether teat were written which languages.

            ·         They also consider the kinds of text.

            ·         They Try to find out about the author's

             Q.13    What was the ancient Tamilkam?

              Ans:- 

         ·         In Tamilkam there were several chiefdoms around 2000 Years ago.

         ·         Amongst other things the chiefs were patrons of bards and  poets who sang their praises.

             Q.14    Historians which classify the contents of the Mahabharata.

             Ans:-  

        ·         Narrative         -           Stories, designated.

        ·         Didactic          -           Social Norms.

            Q.15    How is Mahabharata a Dynamic text?

             Ans:-  

           ·         Versions of the epic were written in a variety of languages.

           ·         Several stories that originated in specific regions.

           ·         At the sametime the central story of the epic was often retold inn different ways.

                                                                 S. A  . (4 Marks)

            Q.1      Mention a rules of marriage as mentioned in the early text.

Ans:-  

       ·         The gift of a Daughter after dressing her in costly clothes and honoring her with presents of Jewels.

         ·         The gift of a daughter by the father after he has addressed the couple with the text'' May both of you perform your duties together.

         ·         After having given as much wealth as he can afford to the kinsmen and to the Bride herself.

·         The voluntary union of a maiden and her lover.

            Q.2      What rules did the dharma sutras and Dharma Shastra’s contain about the Ideal ''occupations'' of the four Varna’s?  

                 Ans.

        ·     Brahmana’s were supposed to study and teach the Vedas perform sacrifices and give and receive gifts.

      ·         Kshatriyas were to engage in warfare protect people and justice, study the Vedas and get sacifices  performed. 

         ·         The last three occupations were also assigned to the Vaishya’s and Agriculture and trade.

·         Shudras were assigned only serving the three ''higher'' varnas. 

              Q.3      What was Jati? How are they related to Varnas?

                Ans.

           ·         Jati in Brahmanical theory.

           ·         Varma was based on Birth. 

           ·         Number of varnas was  four.

           ·         There was no restriction on the number of Jati.

           ·         Jatis which shared a common occupation or profession were sometimes organized into shrines or guilds.  

              Q.4      How could men and women acquire wealth in early societies?

                 Ans.

          ·         For men wealth, inheritance, Finding, Purchase, conquest, Investment, work and acceptance of gifts from good people.

            

       ·        For women what was given at time of front of the marriage, Bridal procession, Token of affection she got from her brother mothter or father and she could also acquire husband. 

             Q.5      Who was V.S. Sukthankar? what was his contribution in understanding the Mahabharata.

               Ans.    

       ·         V.S. Sukthankar was a most Sanskritist.

       ·         Under the sukthankar a team preparing a critical edition of the Mahabharata. 

       ·         Collecting Sanskrit Manuscripts of the text. Written in a variety of scripts.

       ·         Ultimately they selected the verses that were common to must versions.

       ·         And published these in severed volumes.

  

                                                             L. A. (8 Marks)   

         Q.1      Discuss whether the Mahabharata could have been the work of a single author.

             Ans.    

         ·         Probably composed by charioteer - bards known as suites.

         ·         From the fifth century BCE Brahmana’s took over the story and began to commit it to writing.

         ·         Also possible that the upheavals that often accompanied the establishment of these states.

         ·         Where old social values were often replaced by new norms.

         ·         Another Phase in the composition of the teat between C 200 BCE and 200 C.E.

         ·         Between C. 200 and 400 CE Large didactic sections resembling the manusmriti.

                                         PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONSS:

Draupadi's Marriage

Drupad the king of Panchal groined a competition where the challenges were to string a bow and hit target: the winner would be chosen to marry his daughter Draupadi. Arjuna was victorious and was garlanded by Draupadi. The Pandavas returned with her to their mother Kunti, who, even before she was saw them to share whatever they had got she realized mistake when shesaw Draupadi. But her command could not be violated. After much deliberation, Yudhisthira decided that Draupadi would be their common wife.

When Drupad was told about this, he protested. However, the seer Vyasa arrived and told him that the Pandavas were in reality incarnations of Indra. Whose wife had been reborn as Draupadi and they were thus destined for each other?

Vyasa added that in another instance a young woman had prayed to Shiva for a husband. And in her enthusiasm, had prayed five times instead of once. This women was known reborned as Draupadi and Shiva had fulfilled her desire convinced by these stories, Drupada consented to marriage.

     1.      What was the competition organized by the Panchala king Drupada for the marriage of his daughter?                                                                                                            1

      2.      What two explanations were given by Vyasa to convince king Drupada for Draupadi being the common wife of the Pandvas?                                                               3

      3.      What form of the marriage was Draupadi's marriage to the Pandvas? Give two views of historians about the form of marriage.                                                  3

Answers:

     ·         Drupada organized a competition where the challenge was to string a bow and hit a target.

     ·          Vyasa told that the Pandvas were in reality incarnations of Indra. He also told that a woman was blessed by Lord Shiva to have five husband was reborn as Draupadi.

     ·         It was an example of polyandry. Some historians believe that such kind of marriage were perhaps prevalent in some section of societies. Some historians believe that such tradition was present in the Himalaya region.  

(Questions Bank)

2 Marks Questionss

1-         What do you understand by the term Epic?

2-         Give two Importance of Manusmriti

3-         Were all kings Kshatriyas?

4-         Define social classes.

           

4 Marks Questionss

1-         Who were Chandalas? What indaties of chandolas were as laid down by Manusmriti.

2-         Why were the Dharmashatras and Dharmsutra written?

3-         How are all families not identic ate explain the kind of variations that occurred in ancient times.

4-         The central story of Mahabharata reinforced the India of kinship and succession explains.

8 Marks Questions

1-         How did Brahmana’s create a Sharper Social Divide?

           

Theme- 4

Thinkers Beliefs and Buildings Cultural Developments

 (C. 600 BCE - 600CE)

V. S. A. (2 Marks)

Q.1      What were the main Principles of Jainism?

Ans.    

·         The entire world is animated

·         The cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma.

Q.2      What do you know about Ttirthankars?

Ans.    

·         Those who guide men and women across the river of existence.

Q.3      What do you understand of early Vedic Tradition?

Ans.    

·         Early Vedic tradition known from the Rig-Veda compiled between c. 1500 and 1000 B.C.E.

·         The Rig-Veda consists of human in praise of a variety of deities, especially Agni, Indra, and soma.

Q.4      What is Tripitaka?

Ans.    

·         Alter Buddha’s Death his Teachings were compiled by his disciples at a council of eldersor senior  monks at Vesali

·         These compilations were known as Tiipitaka

Q.5      What is the Jaina philosophy on Brith and rebirth?

Ans.    

·         According to Jainism the Cycle of Birth and Rebirth is shaped through karma.

·         Asceticism and Penance are required to free oneself from the cycle of Karma. This can be achieved only by renouncing the world.

Q.6      How do we know about the Buddha's Teachings?

Ans.    

·         These have been reconstructed by carefully editing. translating and analysing the Buddna's texts mentioned earlier.

·         Historians have also tried to reconstruct details of his life from hagiographies.

Q.7      What do you mean by Dharma Chakra Prayurtana?

Ans.    

·         Dharma Chakra Prayartana means writhing in motion the wheel to of Dharma the first religious discourse of sermon delivered by Mahatma Buddha after attaining. 

Q.8      Describe the Hinayana and Manayana-

Mahayan: by the first century C.E. there is evidence of changes in Buddhist this way of thinking was called Mahayana

            Hinayana: Those who adopted these believes described the alder tradition as Hinayana.

Q.9      What is vaishnavism and shaivism?

Ans.     Vaishnavism is from Hinduism within which Vishnu was warshipped as the principal deity.  

            Shaivism- A tradition within which shiva was regorded as the chief god.

Q.10    What do you mean by the kutargarashala.

Ans.     Teachers Travelled from Place to Place trying to convince one another as philosophy or the way they understand the world. Debates took place in the kutargarashala. Literally a hut with a pointed roof.

S. A. (4 Marks)

Q.1      Write Causes for the popularity of Buddhism.

Ans.

·         Many people dissatisfied with existing Religious practices and confused by the rapid social changes taking place around them.

·         The Importance to conduce and values rather than claims of superiority bases on Birth.

·         Younger and weaker than one self were ideas that area men and women to Buddhist tanning.

Q.2      Discuss the Role of the begums of Bhopal in preserving the stupa of Sanchi.

Ans.    

·         Sahajan Begum and Sultan Jahan Begum provided money for the preservation of the ancient side.

·         Sultan Jahan Begum funded the museum that was built

·         Well as the guest house were lived John Marshall wrote the volumes.

·         She also funded the publication of the volumes.

·         So it the Stupa Complex has survived.

Q3       Describe the unique features of the early temples.

·         The First Temples to House Images of gods and goddesses were also being built.

·         The early temples were a small square room called the garbhagriha.

·         A Tall structure, known as the shikhara.

·         Temple walls were after often decorated with sculpure.

Q.4      Why is the mid first millennium BCE is regarded as a turning point in world history?

Ans.    

·         This time emergence of Zarathustra in Iran, Kongzi in china, Socrates, Plato and Aristable in Greece

·         Manavira and Gautama Buddha among many others in India, tried to understand the mysteries of existence and the relationship between human beings and the cosmic order.

L. A. (8 Marks)

Q.1      Describe the factors that led to the growth of Puranic Hinduism in India During 6^th century BCE.

Ans.    

·         Savior was not to Buddhism we find similar Ideas being developed in Hinduism.

·         These Included Vaishnavism and Shaivism.

·         In such worship the bond between the devotee and the god was visualized as one of love and devation or bhakti.

·         Vaishnavism cults developed around the various avators.

·         Recognizing each of these Local deities as a form of Vishnu.

·         Shiva for instance was symbolized by the linga.

·         To understand the meanings of sculptures. Historians have to be familiar with the stories.

·         Women and shudras who did not have access in Vedic learning.

·         Much of what is contained in the puranas evolved through interaction.

PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS

Q.1      Read the given passage carefully and answer the Questions that follows-

Why were sputa’s built This is an excerpt from the Mahaparinivvam Sutta Part of sutta pitaka As the Buddha lay dying Amanda asked him what are we to do Lord with remains of the Tathagata  (another name for the Buddha)? The Buddha replied hinder not yourselves Ananda by honoring the remains of the Tathagata. Be zecalous, be intent on your own good'' But when pressed further, the Buddha sad At the four crossroads they should crect a stupa (Pali for stupa) to the Tathagata And whosever shall there place garlands or perfume or make a salutation there become in its presence claim of heart, that shall long be to them for a profit and joy.

Q.1 What are the stupas? Who Advised  Ananda to build the stupa?                                       1

Q.2 From which chapter has this excerpt been taken? It is a part of which book.                    2

Q.3 Who was the Tathagata? What had he told about the Importance of the stupa?                2

Q4. Name any three Places where the stupas have been built.                                                 2

Ans.     The Stupa was the sacred place. They preserved the relics of Buddha Such as his bodily remains or the objects used by him all these things were buried in   the stupas.

Ans.     This excerpt has been taken from the Mahaparnibbhana Sutta." It was a part of the "Sutta Pitaka:

Ans.     Tathagata was another name for the Buddha He told Ananda that the honor to his worldly. Remains is not important. He laid stress on the importance of one's good deeds. The stupas should be erected on the holy places if anybody placed garlands of perfume or saluted them, he will not only get the peace of mind but also profit-and joy.

Ans.     The stupas were built at many places. The most important stupas existed at            Bharhulsanchi and Sarnath.

Question Bank

2 Marks Questions

1-         Who were Buddhist Texts Prepared and Preserved?

2-         What were stupas?

3-         How was the structure of stupas?

4-         What are the main principles of Jainism?

5-         What do you know about the followers of Buddha?

4 Marks Questions

Q.1      Explain the spread of Jainism in different parts of India.

Q.2      Describe the impact of Buddhism on India Society.

Q.3      Compare and contrast the views of Mahavira and Buddha with those of Branmansis.

Q.4      Summarise the Journey of Buddha from his birth to the attainment of enlightenment

8 Marks Questions

Q.1   “The Principle of ahinsa and renunciation emphasised by Jainism has left its Marks” Support   the statement with Lord Mahaviras massage.

.

THEME-5

THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS

Perceptions of society

(C. Tenth to seventeenth century)

V. S. A. (2 Marks)

Q.1.     What were the elements of the practice of Sati that drew the attention of Bernier?

Ans.     · According to Bernier, the treatment of women in western and Eastern societies has a lot of difference.

·   Child widows were forcefully burnt screaming in agony.

Q.2.     Name two Portuguese writers who came to India.

Ans.     ·  Jesuit Roberto Nobili – in 16th Cen.

·      Duarte Barbosa – Wrote about trade & society of Southern India.

Q.3.     What does AL-Beruni write about the administration of justice in India?        

Ans.     ·  Administration of Justice in India was as follows –

            ·   Crude and primitive in many ways – but also liberal and humane.

            ·   Written complaints, cases were decided on the testimony of witnesses.

            ·   Criminal Law was mild.

·         Brahmanas were exempted from taxation and capital punishment.              

Q.4.     Give any one feature of the writing of the foreign travellers to India during the      medieval period.

Ans.     · To some extent, the personal prejudices and interests of the travellers colour the versions given by them.

            ·          In associating the historical data, the writer has to be extremely impartial.

·                     They wrote about social & cultural life in India during medieval period.

Q.5.     What do you understand by Dawa and Uluq?                                                     

Ans.     There were two types of Postal system i.e.

·                     Dawa – On Foot.

·                     Uluq – on horse

Q.6.     Maintain any two shortcomings of Ibn-Battuta's account.

Ans.     ·          He didn't take notes of everything which he saw daily.

            ·          Many things out of his memory.

            ·          He wrote also those things which he heard from his friends.

·                     So in his account one finds such terrible mistakes as "wrong routes" and     "wrong names" of the rulers.

 S. A. (4 Marks)

Q.7.     How did Ibn Battuta describe Indian cities?

Ans.     ·          Indian Cities were densely populated.

·                     Very Prosperous

·                     Streets were crowded.

·                     Marksets were bright and colorful & had a variety of goods.

·                     The Marksets were the hub of social & cultural activities and economic transactions.

·                     They had both a mosque and a temple.

·                     They had spaces for public performers

Q.8.     Compare and contrast the perspectives from which Ibn Battuta and Bernier wrote their accounts of their travels in India.

Ans.     Ibn Battuta's perspectives -

·                     Narrative style.

·                     Highlighted anything that was unfamiliar and different.

(b)        Bernier’s Perspective -

·                     He belonged to a different intellectual tradition.

·                     He was concerned with comparing and contrasting things in India with Europe.

·                     He emphasized the superiority of Europe.

·                     He perceived differences hierarchically and shows India inferior to the western world.

Q.9.     Analyze the evidence for slavery provided by Ibn Battuta.

Ans.     Evidence for Slavery -

·                     Slaves were openly sold in Marksets.

·                     Different types of slaves.

·                     Female slaves in the service of Sultan.

·                     Slaves were used for different kind of domestic work.

·                     Female slaves were appointed to keep an eye on the nobles of the Sultan.

·                     It was tradition to present slaves as a gift.

Q.10.   Write a note on Kitab-Ul-Hind.

Ans.     ·          It’s written by AL-Biruni in Arabic.

·                     It’s simple, lucid and easy to understand.

·                     It has 80 chapters.

·                     Varied topics e.g. religion, philosophy to customs, social life, metrology.

·                     Most of chapters beginning with a Questions followed by a description and concluded with a comparison with other culture.

Q.11.   Describe the Social condition of India as described by Al-Biruni in the 12th Century.

Ans.     ·          Social Condition of India.

·                     Child marriage.

·                     Widows were not allowed to remarry.

·                     Practice of Sati was in vogue.

·                     Vulgar people were polytheists, but the cultured classes’ believed in one god.

·                     No one popular Religion of India at that time.

·                     About 42 religions in the country.

·                     Hinduism was divided into a number of sects.

L. A. (8 Marks)                                                                                                

Q.12.   Describe the extent to which Bernier's account enables historians to   reconstruct contemporary rural society.

Ans.     ·          In the Mughal Empire all land was owned by the emperor.

·                     Lack of Private property.

·                     Crown ownership was disastrous for both economy and society.

·                     Land couldn't be inherited by their heirs.

·                     Land holders ignored the improvement in land.

·                     Resulted – decline in agricultural yields, oppression of the peasantry, decline in living standards of all sections of society.

·                     There were only two classes – rich ruling class and poor class – no middle class existed in India.

·                     Many European travellers were influenced by Bernier's view. But this presents an erroneous picture.

Q.13.   Discuss Al-Biruni is understanding of the caste system.

Ans.     ·          Caste System was influenced by Sanskrit texts.

·                     There were four Vernas i.e. Brahman, Kshatriya, vaishya and shudra.

·                     He pointed out about ancient Persian society which was also divided into four categories.

·                     He was against the notion of pollution.

·                     According to the law of nature anything which becomes impure, ultimately becomes pure again.

·                     He realized that the caste system was not as rigid as portrayed in Sanskrit text.

·                     Untouchables were expected to provide inexpensive labour to peasants and zamindars.

Para Based Questions

The bird leaves its nest. Pg. 118

Q.14.   This is an excerpt from the Rihla:

            My departure from Tangier, my birth place, took place on Thursday.................

            About 30 years after he had set out.

(i)         Who was Ibn Battuta? Which book did he write?

(ii)        For how long did Ibn Batuta remain at the court of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq?

(iii)       Name the countries which Ibn Battuta crossed before came to India?

 Ans.    ·          Ibn Batuta was a Moroccan traveller; He wrote a book called Rihla – description of his journey.

·                     For eight years at the court of Tughlaq.

·                     Egypt, Palestine, Arabia, Persia, Oman, Eastern Africa, Mecca, Syria & reached Delhi in AD-1333.

Value Based Questions

Q.15.   "Travels were more difficult and risky in 14th Century". Do you agree with the state?

Ans.     Yes, because -

·                     Always danger of robbers.

·                     Travellers felt home sickness and fell ill.

Q.16.   What were the main objectives of Bernier's writing behind the "Travels in the Mughal Empire??”

Ans.     The main objectives of Bernier -

·                     To compare India with the European Conditions.

·                     Europeans may take correct decision regarding India.

·                     To highlight the Europeans Supremacy.

Q.17.   With which objectives did the people travel?

Ans.     Main objectives of people is  travel -

·                     In search of job opportunities.

·                     To expand their trade.

·                     To escape from any threat of natural calamity.

·                     In form of Soldier and priest.

Map Work

Q.18.   On the online map of the world, Marks the countries visited by Ibn Battuta, What are the seas that he might have crossed?

Ans.     Countries visited by Ibn Battuta:               Name of Seas:                             

            1.         Morocco                                  1.   North Atlantic Ocean

            2.         Syria                                        2.   Indian Ocean

            3.         Persia                                       3.   Arabian Sea

            4.         Oman                                      4.   South China Sea

            5.         India                                        5.   South Atlantic Ocean

            6.         Sri Lanka                                6.   Red Sea

            7.         Iraq                                          7.   Bay of Bengal

            8.         Mecca                                      8.   East China Sea

            9.         China

            10.       Maldives

            11.       Sumatra (Indonesia)

            12.       Yamen

                                                                       THEME -6

BHAKTI - SUFI TRADITIONS

Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts

(C. Eighth To Eighteenth Century)

Q.1.     What were the four major Principles of Islam?

Ans.                 ·Belief in one god Allah and Prophet.

·         Namaj (Five times every day).

·         Zakat (Give alms to the poor).

·         Haj visit.

·         Fasting during the month of Ramzan.

           

Q.2.     What were the main teachings of the Lingayats?                                               2

Ans.     ·          Against the caste system.

·                     Questionsed belief in the theory of rebirth.

·                     Not believed in Child marriages.

·                     Encouraged widow’s remarriage.

Q.3.     Discuss the ways in which the Alwars, Nayanars and the Virashaivas expressed critiques of the caste system?                                                                                                               3

Ans.     ·          The followers (Bhaktas) came from different social background.

·                     They challenged the idea of caste and pollution attributed by Brahmanas.

Q.4.     Which Tamil text is known as Tamil Veda?                                                      2

Ans.     ·          The Nalayira Divyaprabandham – composed by Alwar Saints.

·                     It is as important as Four Sanskrit Vedas.

Q.5.     Who were Andal and Karaikkal Ammaiyar? What were their contributions?    

Ans.     ·          Andal – Woman Alwar – She composed many poems.

·                     Karaikkal Ammaiyar – devotee of Shiva. She adopted the path of extreme asceticim to gain her goal.

Q.6.     State how historians of religion have classified Bhakti tradition?                      

Ans.     ·          Bhakti traditions into two broad categories,

            (i)         Saguna                     -     with attributes.

            (ii)        Nirguna                    -     without attributes.

 S. A. (4 Marks)

Q.7.     Analyze the influence that the Tamil Bhakti Saints had on the Chola Rulers.

Ans.     ·          By giving land grants and constructing temples of Vishnu and Shiva.

·                     Sculpture of Shiva as Natraja was also produced.

·                     To ensure the stability of Chola Kingdoms, they supported these saints.

·                     These kings introduced the singing of Tamil Shiva hymns in the temple.

·                     Took initiative to compile these hymns into text called Tevaram.

           

Q.8.     Describe the main features of Life in Shaikh Nizamuddin's Khanqah.

Ans.     ·          Situated in Ghiyaspur.

·                     Several small rooms and a big hall for prayer.

·                     Shaikh met visitors in morning & evening.

·                     It was also a Centre of refuge.

·                     Langar system was also there which ran on futuh (unasked for charity).

·                     Many eminent personalities also visited here.

·                     Certain practices were performed at Khanqah.

·                     Shaikh appointed several spiritual successors.

Q.9.     Analyze the relations which existed between the Chisti Sufi Saints and the State.

Ans.     ·          Sufi Saints maintained distance from Worldly affair, but accepted grants    and donations from state.

·                     Kings set up charitable trust, gave tax free lands.

·                     Donation disbursed to meet their daily requirements.

·                     Donation was not used for personal use.

·                     Kings often needed the Support of the Sufi Saints for their decisions.

·                     Kings constructed their Tombs near Sufi shrines and Khanqahs.

·                     Both (The kings and Saints) expected certain situated rituals to be performed. Eg. Prostration, kissing of the feet.

Q.10.   Explain with examples what historians mean by the integration of cults?

Ans.     ·          It means -

·                     Two processes were at work, e.g. dissemination of Brahmanical ideas.

·                     The efforts of Brahmanas to rework the belief and practices of other social categories, women & Shudras.

·                     Deity Jaganannaatha was said to be a form of Vishnu.

·                     Vishnu was visualized in different forms.

·                     The worship of goddess in the form of a stone smeared with ochre was wide spread.

·                     Local deities were made a part of the puranic traditions.

Q.11.   Describe the growth of Chishti Silsila of Sufism.

Ans.     ·          There were numerous orders of the Sufis in India.

·                     Eg, Chishti, Suharwardi, Qadiri, Nakshbandi etc.

·                     In India Chishti was most important order.

·                     They established themselves at Ajmer, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, Orissa and the Deccan.

·                     Shaikh Muinuddin Chishti – called the Khwaja was the first saint of chishti order.

·                     Other important Saints were Shaikh Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, Shaikh foriduddin Ganj-i-shakar, Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya, Baba Farid etc.

·                     They converted the Hindus to Islam.

·                     They used the language of people to propogate the ideas.

·                     Establishment of Khanqahas – for meeting people.

·                     They spread Islam among lower castes also.

·                     Mullas were also popular.

·                     Sultans also granted rent free lands to the Khanqahs and to their Shaikhs.

·                     The textual traditions are written in several styles and languages.

Q.12.   Describe the origin of Bhakti Movement.

Ans.     ·          Causes of the Origin of the Bhakti movement -

·                     Evil practices of the Hindus.

·                     Fear of spread of Islam.

·                     Influence of Sufi Sects.

·                     Influence of Vaishnavism.

·                     Emergence of Great Reformers – eg. Namdeva, Ravidas, Ramanand, Surdas, Tulsidas, Mirabai, Kabir.

 L. A. (8 Marks)

Q.13.   Analyze with Illustrations, why Bhakti and Sufi thinkers adopted a variety of language in which to express their opinions?

Ans.     ·          Bhakti and Sufi thinkers adopted a variety of language due to following reasons.

·                     To ensure their teachings spread rapidly and gained acceptance among the local population.

·                     Chishti saints conversed in Hindavi.

·                     Baba Faird composed verses in the local languages.

·                     Masnavis (long poems) expressing ideas of divine love using human love as an allegory were composed.

·                     Malik Muhammad Jayasi's Padmavat revolves around the romance of Padmini and Ratansen.

·                     In Karnataka (Bijapur) short poems were written in Dakhani (a form of Urdu).

·                     These poems sung by women while performing household chores. Lorinama of Shadinama was other compositions.

·                     Sufis were influenced by the Kannada Vachanas and the Marathi adangs of the saints of Pandharpur. 

Value based Questions

Q.14.   The message of Baba Guru Nanak is spelt out in hymns and teachings. He firmly repudiated the external practices of the religions he saw around him. He rejected sacrifices, ritual baths, image worship, austerities and the scriptures of both Hindus and Muslims.

(i)         What were the main teachings of Guru Nanak?

(ii)        What values do you learn from this passage?

Ans.     · Guru Nanak was against rituals, superstitions, caste system, and Brahmanical domination.

·                     He wanted to achieve a synthesis between the doctrines of Islam and Hinduism.

·                     The value are rationalism i.e. to apply reason not to follow religious practice blindly, Humanism – i.e. to treat all equally, secularism – To have respect for all religions.

Passage Based Questions:

Q.15.   The Pilgrimage of the Mughal Princes Jahanara, 1643. After praising  one God.. this lowly fakir (humble soul) Jahanara – went from the capital Agra in the Company of my great father (Emperor shah Jahan) towards the pure region of incomparable Ajmer ............ and having taken off the rose scarf that I had on my head, I placed it on the top of the blessed tomb...........

(i)         Who made the trip to Ajmer and why?

(ii)        Who funded the initial construction of this saint's tomb and which king was the first to visit this Shrine?

(iii)       Why did this Shrine become popular?

Ans.     · Jahanara and Shah Jahan, to seek blessings from Saint Muinuddin Chishti.

·                     Sultan Ghiyasuddin Khaliji funded and Muhammad Bin Tughlaq visited first. 

·                     Because of the piety and austerity of the Shaikh, greatness of his successors and patronage of royal visitors.

Map work.

Q.16.   On the outline map of India, Plot Three major Sufi Shrines and three places associated with temples (one each of a form of Vishnu, Shiva and the goddess).

Ans.     ·          Ajmer – Khawaja Muninnudin Chishti.

·                     Lahore – Data Ganj Baksh.

·                     Pak pattan (Pakistan) – Sheikh Farid Shakhaar Ganj.

·                     Calcutta – Goddess Durga Temple.

·                     Karnataka – Nayanar (Shiva) Alvar (Vishnu) Temple.

THEME -7

AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL Vijay Nagar

(C. Fourteenth to sixteenth Century)

V.S.A. (2-Marks)

1. Who was Colonel Colin Mackenzie?

Ans.     a).An employee of the English East India Company.

            b).Ruins at Hampi were brought to light in 1800

2. What is Amara – Nayaka System?

Ans.It was a major political innovation of the –

            a) Vijayanagara Empire

            b) Many features of this system were derived from Delhi Sultanate.

3. Why do you think agricultural tracts were incorporated within the for field area?

Ans.To be prepared for their protection against the sieges.

Q.4 What do you know about Gopuram and Mandpam?

Ans:

1.      Gopuram is a large pyramidal tower constructed over the entrance gate of a temple.

2.      Mandapam were pillared outdoor the hall for public rituals

S.A (4 Marks)

1. Describe the main features of the temples in Vijayanagara Empire.

Ans.     1.Architects were influenced by the Indo-Islamic architectural styles.

            2. Huge structure of temple.

            3. Gopuram and Mandapas.

            4. Temples were the symbol of Kings Power and resource.

            5. Building of story upon story above the “garbhgriha” called Vimana.

            6. Architecture was ‘Dravida Style’ but it had its own distinct features.

            7. Temples have a Kalyanamandapa, used to music, dance, drama etc.

2. How were the water requirements of Vijayanagara met?

Ans.     a. Water requirement of Vijayanagara were met by the river Tungabhadra.

            b. Tanks were made to overcome this problem.

            c. Kamalapuram tank was used for irrigation and needs of the royal centers.

            d. Hiriya canal was the most prominent water works.

Long Answer – (8 Marks)

1. Describe the main causes responsible for the downfall of Vijayanagara Empire.

Ans.     1.Weakness of the Central Government.

            2. Weak successor.

            3. Rules of the different dynasties.

            4. Continuos struggles against Bahamani Empire.

            5. Role of Army.

            6. Battle of Talikota.

2. Describe the salient features of the administration of Vijayanagara Empire.

Ans.     1. The King.

            2. Cabinet minister.

            3. Provincial Government.

            4. Local administration.

            5. Judicial administration.

            6. Financial administration.

            7. Amar Nayak System.

3. Describe the contribution of Krishnadeva Raya the greatest King of the Vijayanagara.

Ans.     1.His period is characterized by expansion and consolidation.

            2. Broad toleration prevailed in his empire.

            3. After a series of battles Vijayanagara emerged as a strongest military power.

            4. Preach and Prosperity.

            5. Efficient administration under his sway.

            6. Productive agriculture.

            7. Flourished inland coastal and overseas trade.

            8. He was a great builder.

            9. He was a scholar of Telugu and Patron of Telugu, Kannada and Tamil poets.

            10. He was a man of justice.

THEME-8

Peasants, Zamindars and the State

Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empires.

(C. sixteenth – Seventeenth centuries.)

VSA (2 Marks).

1.Name any two sources that provides the information about the agriculture in Mughal Period.

Ans.     i.Ain-i-Akbari

            ii.Accounts of foreign travellers.

            iii.Records of British India.

2.Why did the Mughal Emperor take interest in developing agriculture ?

Ans.Because it was the main source of income of the empire.

3 .Who were the Khud-Kashta and Pahi-Kashta ?

Ans .They  refers to two kinds of peasants –

            Khud-Kashta – were residents of the Village in which they held their land.

            Pahi-Kashta – were nonresident cultivators.

4.Write the factors responsible for the expansion of agriculture during 16^th and 17^th century.

Ans.     1.Excess of land.

            2. Availability of labourers.

            3. Irrigation facilities.

5 .Is it correct to say The village as a little republic?

Ans.     1.No, there was individual ownership of assets and deep inequities based on caste and gender.

            2 .Powerful groups, exploited the weaker sections.

S.A. (4 Marks)

1 .What was the role of Village Panchayats and Headman?(Head Panch)

Ans.     1.Panchayat was headed by a headman.

            2. Panchayat derived its funds from contributions made by individuals.

            3. Entertaining revenue officials who visited the village.

            4. Community welfare.

            5 .Ensure the caste boundaries

            6. To oversee the conduct of the member of the village community.

            7 .Authority to levy fines and give punishment.

2 .Describe the role played by women in agricultural Production.

Ans.     1.They worked with men in the field

            2 .Women sowed, weeded and threshed the harvest.

            3. Spinning yarn, making clay  pottery, embroidery.

3 .Give a brief account of land revenue system of Mughals.

Ans.     1.Land Revenue was the main source of the income.

            2.It consists two stages – i)Assessment  ii)Actual collection.

            3   .Control over agricultural Production and fixation of the tax.

            4   .Revenue office – Amil Guzar.

            5 .Payment of tax – in cash or crop.

            6. Land measurement and classification of Land.

            7. Tax was fixed as per the quantity of land.

L. A. (8 Marks)

1. Explain the role played by the Zamindars in Mughal India.

Ans.     1.Zamindars did not directly participate in the process of agricultural production by they enjoyed high status in the society.

            2. They hold their personal lands. They could sell the land.

            3. They enjoyed many social and economic privileges.

            4. They belonged to the upper caste.

            5. They rendered certain services to the state.

            6. They had right to collect revenue.

            7. The Zamindars had kept control over the military resources.

            8. Important role in developing the agricultural land.

            9. Highest position in the society.

2. Write in brief about the Mansabadari system Write its merits and demerits also.

Ans.     1.Introduced during Akbar’s period.

            2. All holders of government offices held rank (Mansabs) comprising of  two numerical designations.

            i) Zat (Position & Salary) ii) Sawar – Number of Horseman he required.

Merits – 1.Qualification as based of rank.

            2. Forceful army.

            3. Good on revolts.

            4. Ban on corruption.

Demerits –i) Luxurious life.

ii) Misuse of money

Iii) Loyalty of the soldiers.

3. Explain why does Ain-i-Akbari remain important event today?

Ans.     1.Because it provides glimpses of Mughals Empire.

            2. Valuable information about the political events of the time.

            3. Information about country, people, products.

            4. Information about various customs and Practices literacy, religious tradition.

            5. Information about Mughals provinces.

4. Source based Questions –

Source-5 of this chapter.

Q1.Explain the classification of land by Akbar.

Ans.Polaj, Parauti, Chachar, Banjar.

Q2.How the revenue was fixed for the two types of land?

Ans.Production of each types of land added together then one third was the tax.

Q3.Suggest some other ways of your own –

Ans. Other way is Kankut.

 

THEME-9

Kings and Chronicles The Mughal Courts

 (C. Sixteenth-Seventeenth Centuries)

V.S.A. (2-Marks)

1.What are the Mughal Chronicles ?

Ans.     a) Commissioned by the Mughal Emperors

            b) They are important source for studying the empire and its court.

2. What is Sulh-i-Kul?

Ans.     a) Akbar’s Religious Policy.

            b) Sulh-i-Kul means absolute peace.

            In this ideal emperor was source of all peace and stability, stood above all religious and ethnic groups, insured justice and peace.

3. What was meant by ‘Kitabkhana’?

Ans.a) Kitab Khana means library

            b) It was a place where the emperor’s collection of Manuscripts were kept and produced.

S.A. (4 Marks)

1. Who wrote Akbarnama? Describe its content in brief.

Ans.     a) Abul Fazl wrote Akbarnama.

            b) Content – It is divided into three books.

            c) Ain-i-Akbari the first volume contains the history of mankind from Adam to one celestial cycle of Akbar’s life.

            d) Second volume closes in the forty sixth regional years (1601) of Akbar.

            e) To provide a detailed description of Akbar’s reign.

            f) It gives a synchronic picture of all aspects of Akbar’s empire – geographic, social, administrative and cultural.

2. Describe in brief about the ideal of Din-i-Ilahi.

Ans.     a) Introduced by Akbar as the state religion.

            b) God is one and Akbar is the representative of the prophet.

            c) To Utter-Allah-Hu-Akbar.

            d) The followers deemed the fire as sacred and worshipped the Sun God.

            e) Vegetarian followers.

            f) They looked up on all religions with a sense of respect.

            g) Performed their obituaries during their lifetime.

3 .What was the composition of the ruling class in India during the Mughal Period?

Ans.     a) Mughal nobility was recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups.

            b) It was like a bouquet of flowers.

            c) Turani, Irani, Rajput, Indian Muslims.

4. Write in brief about the Mughal Provincial administration.

Ans.     a) Head of provincial government was – governor.

            b) He reported directly to the emperor.

            c) Provinces (Subas) were divided into Sarkar.

            d) Sarkars into parganas under – quanungo, chaudhary and qazi.

            e) Each department was supported by official staff.

5. Write in brief about the Religious Policy of Akbar.

Ans.     a) Akbar believed in the equality of all religious.

            b) Secular outlook.

            c) Interaction with people of different faiths.

            d) Freedom to all religious sects.

            e) Grants and support to all religions.

            f) Introduced Sulh-i-Kul.

Long Answer (8 Marks)

1. Describe in brief about the architecture under the Mughals-

Ans.     a) Babar and Humayun did not get the time to construct the buildings.

            b) During Akbar’s period – Agra Fort, Buland Darwaja, Diwan-i-Aam, Diwan-i-Khas, Panch Mahal, Jodha Bai’s Palace, Birbal Palace, Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chisti.

            c) Akbar’s Tomb – Sikandara.

            d) Jama Masjid, Taj Mahal, Moti Masjid.

            e) Shahi Masjid at Lahore by Aurangzeb.

2. Describe in brief  the elements of the Mughal ideal of Kingship.

Ans.     a) The concept of divine light- In which the divine light was transmitted to the king who then became the source of spiritual guidance for his subject.

            b) A unifying force – Emperor was a source of all peace, stability and justice.

            c) Implementation of Sulh-i-Kul through state policy.

            d) The Mughal nobility was a composite one comprising of Iranis, Turanis, Afghans, Rajputs, Deccan’s etc. With loyalty to the King.

            e) Secular religious policy.

            f) Idea of Just sovereignty as social contract.

3. Describe the daily routine and special festivities associated with the Mughal Court.

Ans.     a) Physical arrangement of the court, focused on the sovereign and status.

            b) The throne (Takht) was the center of power.

            c) In court, status was determined by spatial proximity to the king.

            d) Social control in court society.

            e) The forms of salutation to the ruler.

            f) The protocols government diplomatic envoys at the Mughal Court were equally explicit.

            g) The day began with personal religious devotions then Jharokha Darshan.

            h) After that conduct of primary business of his government.

            i) Discuss the confidential matters.

            j) Celebration of festivals.

THEME – 10

COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE

Exploring official archives

V. S. A. (2 Marks)

Q.1      Why were many Zamindaris auctioned after the permanent settlement?

Ans.     Agricultural products prices were very low. The East India Company had fixed high amount of revenue.

Q.2      What steps were taken by East India Company to control the Zamindars?

Ans.     (1) The troops of Zamindars were disbanded; (2) The courts were brought under the control of British collectors.

Q.3      How Jotdars did resists Zamindars?

Ans.     (1) They prevented Zamindars from performing their duties; (2) They mobilized riots against Zamindars.

Q.4      When and who established permanent settlement?

Ans.     In 1793 lord Cornwallis introduced permanent settlement.

Q.5      What were the demerits of ryotwori system?

Ans.     The land revenue was very high. To pay land revenue was compulsory.

Q.6      What was fifth report?

Ans.     The fifth report was submitted to the British Parliament in 1813 about administrative activities of the East India Company.

S. A. (4 Marks)

Q.7      Examine the policies adopted by the British towards paharias during 18^th century.

Ans.     (1) Firstly British adopted policy of extermination. (2) Augusts Cleveland, the collector of Bhagalpur proposed policy of pacification. (3) Under policy of pacification paharia chiefs was to ensure proper conduct of their men. (4) Paharia went into mountains and deep forests and continued their war against outsiders.

Q.8      What was Damin-i-Koh? Why did Santhals resist against Britishers during 18^th century.

Ans.     Damin-i-Koh was a large area had given by British to Santhals. The colonial government had imposed heavy taxes on their land. The moneylenders were charging high rates of interest and snatching their lands. The Zamindars asserted control over their land.

Q.9      How did the Zamindars manage to retain control over their Zamindaris?

Ans.     (1) Benami sales enabled the estate to be sold at a low price back to the Zamindar. (2) New Zamindars were attacked by former Zamindars. (3) The ryots resisted the entry of outsiders. (4) Some Zamindaris were declared property of ladies.

Q.10    Why Jotdar were more powerful than Zamindar?

Ans.     (1) The Jotdar had vast area of land. (2) He was a local moneylender. (3) He was local trader. (4) The Jotdar lived in the village. (5) He would not allow Zamindar to perform his duties.

Q.11    How did American civil war affect the lives of ryots in India?

Ans.     (1) Traders of the Bombay persuaded farmer for growing more cotton. (2) Moneylenders were ready for long term loans. (3) Cotton productive area doubled between 1860-1864. (4) The government started to collect more land revenue from peasants. (5) Only rich farmers gained profit.

Q.12    What are the problems of using official sources in writing about the history of peasants?

Ans.     (1) The official sources reflect official concerns and interpretation of events, (2) The government was not ready to admit that discontent was because of government action, (3) Official reports must be verified with evidence gathered from newspapers, unofficial records, legal records and oral sources.

L. A. (8 Marks)

Q.13    In what ways was the livelihood of the paharias different from that of Santhals?

Ans.     (1) The paharias practised shifting cultivation and lived on forest production. The Santhals practised settled-cultivation. (2) The agriculture of the paharias depended on hoe. Santhals practised with plough. (3) Besides agriculture the forest products too were means of livelihood of the paharias. The Santhals gave up life of mobility and had started settled cultivation. (4)  The paharias were intimately related to the forest because of their occupations. The Santhals were settled in a specific region. (5) The paharias regularly raided plains for food, power and tax. The Santhals had friendly relations with British moneylender and traders. (6) The paharias liked to gather forest produce for selling in the Markset but Santhals did not like it.

Q.14    What explains the anger of the Deccan ryots against the moneylenders?

Ans.     (1) Ryotwari settlement of land revenue was direct revenue settlement of government with ryot. (2) The peasants were in need of money for many purposes. (3) Once They got entangled in the clutches of Sahukar, it would become very difficult for them to get themself free from it. (4) Being unable to back the loan to the moneylender, they had no choice but to give over all their possessions. (5) They took land on rent and animals on hire from Sahukar. (6) The Sahukars would not give receipts when loans were repaid. (7) Fictions figures were entered in the bonds. (8) Peasants harvest was procured at low prices. (9) The government increased the land revenue from 50 to 100 percent. (10) After American civil war moneylenders refused to extend advances. (11) The moneylender started renewing the bond every three years.

Q.15    Read the following passage carefully and answers the Questionss given below;

On 16 May, 1875 the district magistrate of Poona wrote to the police commissioner:

On arrival at Supa on Saturday 15, May learnt of the disturbance. One house of a moneylender was burnt down; about a dozen were forcibly broken into and completely gutted of their content. Account papers, bonds, grains, country cloth were burnt in the street where heaps of ashes are still to be seen. The chief constable apprehended 50 persons. Stolen property worth Rs. 2000 was recovered. The estimated loss is over Rs. 25000. Moneylenders claim is over 1 lakh.

(I)        Where and how did the Deccan riots start?

Ans.     The riot started from Supa, a large village in Poona district. It was Markset centre where many shopkeepers and moneylenders lived. On 12 May, 1875 riots from the surrounding rural areas attacked the shopkeepers and demanded their Bahikhatas and debt bonds. They burnt the Khatas and looted grain shops.

(II)       What steps did the British take to quell the revolt?

Ans.     The British established police station in the village reinforcements were rushed to the Deccan. 95% people were arrested and many were convicted.

(III)     State two reasons why did the peasants revolte?

Ans.     High revenue demand and rigid system of collection angered the peasants, the moneylenders manipulating laws and forging accounts.

                       

THEME – 11

REBELS AND THE RAJ

1857 Revolt and its Representations

            V. S. A. (2 Marks)

Q.1      Who introduced subsidiary alliance? Name four powers which accepted it?

Ans.     Lord Wellesley introduced subsidiary alliance. Hyderabad, Awadh, Mysore, Surat, Tanjor were early subsidiary states.

Q.2      Give two military causes for revolt of 1857?

Ans.     (1) British officers showed sense of superiority. (2) Greased cartridges.

Q.3      Why was the revolt in Awadh so extensive?

Ans.     (1) The British dethroned Nawab Wazid Ali Shah. (2) Zamindars, Talukadars and peasants did not like British.

Q.4      Mention two economic causes for revolt of 1857?

Ans.     (1) Peasants were exploited by British and moneylenders. (2) Handicrafts men were jobless.

Q.5      What was doctrine of lapse?

Ans.     The native states without natural successor were part of British Empire.

Q.6      Which four centres of the revolt were more aggressive against  British?

Ans.     Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, Jhansi, Gwalior.

S. A. (4 Marks)

Q.7      Why did the mutinous sepoys in many places turn to erstwhile rulers to provide leadership to the revolt?

Ans.     (1) Native rulers were natural leader of the people. (2) They believed that Hindu Muslim unity is compulsory. (3) They wanted to restore the pre-British world. (4) Delhi was capital city in Mughal India and last Mughal emperor was there so rebels requested him for main leadership. (5) Mostly, kings had experience of leadership and organization.

Q.8      What were the measures taken to ensure unity among the rebels?

Ans.     (1) Both Hindus and Muslims requested Bahadur Shah for leadership. (2) The proclamation issued during the revolt, appealed to all sections equally. (3) The Sentiments of both communities were respected and cared. (4) The posters glorified the pre-British unity. (5) Hindus and Muslims were equally member of the military commanding committee.

Q.9      What steps did the British take to quell the uprising?

Ans.     (1) Marshall Law was clamped throughout the north India. (2) All Englishmen were empowered to punish Indians. (3) The common process of law and trial was brought to an end. (4) British army assisted from many sides. (5) Many native states assisted against rebels. (6) Rebel cruelly punished.

Q.10    Discuss the extent to which religious beliefs shaped the revolt of 1857.

Ans.     (1) Common Indian people did not like new education system without any discrimination. (2) Study of Bible was compulsory in missionary schools. (3) Christianity was common in Jails. (4) A law was passed which enabled converted Christian to inherit his ancestral property. (5) Under general service Enlistment act every new service undertook to serve anywhere in India. (6) The government decided to replace the old guns by the new rifles.

Q.11    Discuss the evidences  that indicated  planning and coordination on the part of rebels.

Ans.     (1) Mostly cantonments soldiers were revolting. (2) The rebels after revolting in Meeru set out for Delhi immediately. They wanted support of the Mughal emperor. (3) The messengers were working in transmitting news from one place to another. (4) Native officers’ panchayats were convened at night and collective decisions were taken. (5) To send chapattis one place to another place was common. (6) New administration was established.

Q.12    What were strengths and weaknesses of the revolt of 1857?

Ans.     Strengths-(1) Complete cooperation between Hindus and Muslims, (2) Common people were also revolting, (3) All rebels wanted freedom.

            Weakness-(1) The revolt failed to spread in all areas, (2) All communities did not support, (3) Many rulers were supporter of British, (4) The rebel leaders were suspicious and Jealous of each other, (5) The rebel soldiers were not well equipped.

L. A. (8 Marks)

Q.13    Why was the revolt particularly widespread in Awadh? What prompted the peasants, Taluqdars and Zamindars to join the revolt?

Ans.     (1) All people of the Awadh did not like exploitation system of British. (2) Wajid Ali Shah was a popular ruler and he had many sons but British dethroned him. (3) All people of the Awadh wanted to restore rule of the Nawab. (4) Begum Hazrat Mahal was leader of the rebels. (5) Many great rebel leaders were also working in Awadh all people were dissatisfied. (6) Taluqdars troops were disbanded and forts were destroyed. The Taluqdars of Awadh badly suffered by summary settlement of land revenue. (7) Mostly Zamindars Zamindaris were snatched by British. The Zamindars did not like activities of the British. (8) Peasants did not like 50% land revenue, to deposit land revenue was compulsory so farmers were selling their properties.

Q.14    What did the rebels want? To what extent did the vision of different social groups differ?

Ans.     (1) The rebels wanted to root out the British authority from India and restore pre-British world. (2) Interest of all classes of Indian society was hurt. It led to general resentment against the British among them. (3) The rulers and Jagirdars wanted to reoccupy their respective kingdoms and Jagirs. (4) Indian merchants wanted concessions in trade. They did not like interference in their accounts and transactions. (5) The peasants wanted liberal land revenue with liberal means of realization. They also wanted to abolish exploitation by Zamindars and Sahukars. (6) The government servants wanted good respect, salary, power and dignity. (7) Indian artisans and craftsmen wanted good vocational conditions. (8) Pandits, Fakirs and other learned persons wanted to protect Indian culture and religion.

            Q.15    What do visual representation tell us about the revolt of 1857? How do historians analyze these representations?

Ans.     (1) The British artist presents the British heroes. (2) As saviours the relief of Lucknow painted by Thomas Jones Barker is reMarksable in this regard. (3) Collin Campbell and Jones Outram captured Lucknow defeating the rebels. Recapturing of Lucknow has been described by the British as a symbol of survival, heroic resistance and ultimate trump of British power. (4) In memoriam was famous painting of Joseph Noel. He expressed helplessness of English ladies and children. (5) Miss Wheeler has been depicting example of defending heroine. (6) The heroic image of Laxmibai inspired Indian for struggle. (7) Cruel images of British were symbol of revenge. (8) Brutal images of Indian soldiers were The  symbols of strangeness against British. (9) Indian artist persuaded nationalism and patriotism in Indians.

        THEME – 12

COLONIAL CITIES

Urbanization, Planning and Architecture

V. S. A. (2 Marks)

Q.1      What were the aims of census?

Ans.     (1) To study urbanization (2) To know historical changes.

Q.2      Mention merits of hill stations?

Ans.     (1) They were important for guarding frontiers. (2) They were useful for health facilities.

Q.3      Name the two industrial towns which came up during colonial period?

Ans.     (1) Kanpur specialized in leather, woolen and textiles. (2) Jamshedpur specialized in iron and steel.

Q.4      How did the railways affect towns?

Ans.     (1) New cities developed as Jamalpur, Breilley, and Waltair. (2) Some industrial centres developed.

Q.5      What is difference between cities and villages?

Ans.     (1) In villages’ people made a living by agriculture and domesticating animals. (2) In cities people belong to various professions as services trade, shop keeping, industries.

Q.6      Why did the British take upon themselves the task of town planning?

Ans.     (1) The British wanted to live in separate and protected settlements away from Indians. (2) They wanted clean and hygienic city free from all diseases.

S. A. (4 Marks)

Q.7      To what extent are census data useful in reconstructing patterns of urbanization in the colonial context?

Ans.     (1) The British gained information about white and nonwhite people living in various towns. (2) British gained information about expansion of cities. (3) They got knowledge about living standard of the people. (4) British got knowledge about many diseases. (5) The census data provided information about age, sex, caste and occupation. (6) The census data could be converted into social data.

Q.8      Why were the records preserved in the colonial cities?

Ans.     (1) British administration was based on datas and information. (2) For professional activities they wanted to know more about trading activities. (3) They wanted to control speed and spread of cities. (4) For strongness of administration they liked to preserve records. (5) For spreading public facilities records were compulsory. (6) Records were important for experiences.

Q.9      What do the terms white and black towns signify?

Ans.     White town-(1) in a colonial city the fortified area where the Europeans lived was white town. (2) Colour and religion main basis of it. (3) Dutch and Portuguese were European and Christian so they could live in white town.

            Black town-(1) the area outside the fortified where the Indians lived was black town. (2) The Indians who had economic relations with British lived there.

Q.10    How did prominent Indians merchants establish themselves in colonial city?

Ans.     (1) With the expansion of British power in India, the Indian merchants, middlemen and suppliers of goods became part of the cities. (2) With the expansion of railway the Indian merchants started establishing their industries in the cities. (3) The rich Indian agents and middlemen got built courtyard houses near bazaars. (4) Indian merchants purchased large tract of land in the cities for future investment and profit. (5) They started copying western style of life.

Q.11    What were the concerns that influenced town planning in 19^th century?

Ans.     (1) Setting a city close to the sea coast was a main concern for commercial objectives. (2) For security point of view they wanted to live in separate and highly protected settlements. (3) Preparing maps were highly imperative in order to understand the landscape and topography. (4) Creating open places in the city was a good way to make the city healthier. (5) To make sufficient funds for maintenance of the cities was another concern.

Q.12    How were urban centres transformed during the 18^th century?

Ans.     (1) With the decline of Mughal power, the towns associated with their administration started declining. (2) The regional capitals Lucknow, Hyderabad, Seringapatama, and Poona started gaining importance. (3) The traders, administrators, artisans and other people, in search of work and patronage, began to reside in new capitals. (4) With acquiring political control, the east India Company rapidly developed Madras, Calcutta and Bombay.

L. A. (8 Marks)

Q.13    What were the kinds of public places that emerged in the colonial city? What functions did they serve?

Ans.     (1) The new colonial cities were centres of political authority and economic activities. (2) For commercial activities godowns, mercantile offices, insurance agencies, transport depots and banking establishments were established. (3) The major colonial cities served as port cities. Ships were loaded and disloaded there. (4) Main administrative offices of the company were established away from the seashore. (5) Because of the rapid expansion of the railway colonial cities were linked with rest of India. Railway stations, railway workshops and railway colonies started emerging in cities. (6) Hill stations were developed for billeting troop, guarding frontiers and mounting attack on enemy. They also functioned as a sanitorium. (7) Public places like the town halls, parks and cinema halls started coming into existence. (8) Forts, government offices, educational institutions, religious structures, and commercial depots were constructed for growing economy. (9) British constructed clubs for meeting and entertainment.

Q.14    To what extent were social relations transformed in the new cities?

Ans.     Lacked the coherence, extreme poverty and extreme prosperity, people got opportunities of meeting. New social groups, demands of many professionals, spread of middle class, expression of views by many means, growth of general awareness, influence of woman, changes in traditional norms. Poors own culture, many struggles in life.

Q.15    What are different colonial architectural styles?

Ans.   (1) Neo classical style – Drived from ancient Rome, Geo metrical structures fronted with lofty pillars, town hall, elphinston circle.

(2) Neo Gothic style – Originate from medieval churchs, high pitched roofs, pointed arches, detailed decoration Bombay secretariat, university of Bombay, Bombay hight court.

(3) Indo saracenic style – Mixture of Indian and European style Dome, Chhatris, Jalis, Arches, Gateway of India, and Taj Mahal hotel.

THEME -13

MAHATMA GHANDI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT

                   Civil disobedience and beyond

V. S. A. (2 Marks)

Q.1      Why the Mahatma Gandhi has been regarded as the ‘Father’ of Indian Nation.

Ans.     Because in the history of nationalism a single Man is often identified with the making a Nation. Example – Garibaldi-(Italy) Washington with America; Ho Chi Minh with Vietnam.

Q2. Who are known as Lal, BAL, and Pal?

Ans.     Lal – Lala Lajpat Rai (Punjab)

            BAL – BAL Gangadhar Tilak (Maharashtra)

            Pal – Bipin Chandra Pal (Bengal)

Q3.      Who were the ‘Moderates?’

Ans.     Who preferred a more gradual and persuasive approach like, Gandhiji, Gopal Krishan Gokhale.

Q4.      What was the Rowlatt Act?

Ans.     This act Passed in 1919 and permitted the detention of any person without trial in the court.

Q5.      Why was the Non- co-operation Movement launched?

Ans.     1.To protest against the Jallianwalla Bagh and the Khilafat wrongs.

            2. To demand swaraj.

Q6.      Why was the Khilaphat Movement started?

Ans.     1.To protest against the injustice done to Turkey.

            2. To retain the Turkish Sultan or Khilafat.

Q7.      What is Gandhi – Irwin Pact of 1931?

Ans.     1.Gandhiji Postponed Civil Disobedience Movement.

            2. Irwin agreed to release all prisoners.

            3. Gandhiji went to – second round table conference.

S. A. (4 Marks)

Q8.      Why did Gandhiji Start Non Cooperation Movement? Why was it withdrawn?

Ans.     1.To oppose ‘Rowlett Act’.

            2. To undo the injustice done at Jalianwala Bagh.

            3. To support the khilafat Movement.

            4. To get Swaraj

            5. Violence at Chauri-Chaura and movement withdrawn.

Q9.      Give the significance of the Salt March.

Ans.     1.This event brought Mahatma Gandhi to world attention.

            2. First nationalist movement in which women Participated.

            3. Create force upon British Government

L. A. (8 Marks)

Q10.    What was the aim and methods of Non Co-operation Movements?

Ans.     1. Protest against Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

            2. Demand of Swaraj.

            3. To Support Khilafat Movement.

            4. Hindu Muslim Unity.

            5. To oppose Rowlett Act.

Methods –       1. Movement should be non-violent.

                        2. No co-operation with British Government.

                        3. Bycott of court and offices, college etc.

                        4. Strikes and demonstration.

Q11.    In what way did Mahatma Gandhi transform the nature of the National Movement?

Ans.     1.Gandhiji had concern for the poor.

            2. BHU/Champaran/Ahamedabad/Kheda issue.

            3. He launched Non co-operation, civil disobedience, salt march and Quit India Movement and thousands of Indians of all classes joined these movement.

            4. Inspirational leadership of Gandhiji.

            5. Gandhiji’s ideology

            6. By the Satyagraha Masses involved.

            7. Constructive Programs of Gandhiji.

            8. By his political Methods.

            9. Gandhiji’s Charisma.

1915	Gandhiji Returned India from south Africa
Feb. 1916	Gandhi’s Speech at Banaras
1917	Champaran Campaigns
1918	Ahmedabad, Kheda Campaigns
March 1919	Rowlett Act Passed
April 1919	Jalianwala Bagh Massacre.
1920-21	The Khilafat and Non-co-operation movement
Feb.1922	Chauri-Chaura and withdrawn of Non-co-operation movement.
Dec. 1929	Lahore Session of Congress
March-1930	Salt March
Jan-1931	Gandhi – Irwin Pact
1935	Government of India Act.
1942	Quit India Movement
1946	Cabinet Mission
15 Aug. 1947	India’ got Freedom
30 Jan. 1948	Gandhi was shot dead by a young man.

THEME -14

                  UNDERSTANDING PARTITION

                      Politics, Memories, Experiences

V. S. A. (2 Marks)

Q1.      Explain the term ‘Shadow Lines’ with reference to Partition.

Ans.     It refers to the hastily constructed frontiers separating Indian and Pakistan.

Q2.      State two causes for changes in British attitude towards India after 1945.

Ans.     1.Change in International situation.

            2. Labour Party came to power in Britain.

Q3. Write four sources to reconstruct history of Partition

Ans.     1.Oral Narratives

            2. Diaries

            3. Memories

            4. Hand written accounts.

S. A. (4 Marks)

Q4.      How did Partition affect the people of India & Pakistan?

Ans.     1. Thousand people were killed, women raped of both side.

            2. Millions Were up rooted, homeless, became refugees.

            3. Loss of Properties and employment.

            4. Loss of friends, culture and relatives.

Q5.      Write four precautions needed to be taken while collecting oral data on Partition.

Ans.     1. Empathy with fact

            2. Should avoid Personal traumas.

            3. We should use other sources also.

            4. We should also try to understand the problem of memory.

L. A. (8 Marks)

Q6.      What are the Major Causes of India’s Partition in 1947?  Was it avoidable?

Ans.     1.The British policy of Divide and Rule.

            2. Attitude of Muslim league & Mr. Jinnah.

            3. Appeasement Policy towards Muslims.

            4. Recommendation of various missions.

            5. Failure of Interim Government.

            6. Lack of Co-operation between congress and Muslim League.

            7. Communal growth.

            8. Hindu Muslim riots.

            9. Role of communal parties and leaders.

No, the Partition was not avoidable as there was a situation of civil war in India.

Q7.      What was the impact of Partition on Indian Women?

Ans.     1. Brutally tortured and beaten.

            2. Thousands of women were killed and rapped.

            3. Problem of Resettlement.

            4. Their opinions were not taken.

       THEME -15

                                                 FRAMING THE CONSTITUTION

                 The beginning of a new Era

V.S.A. (2 Marks)

Q1.      What are the ideals of the objective Resolution presented by Jawaharlal Nehru?

Ans.     1.Indian as sovereign republic.

            2. Justice, equality and fraternity.

            3. Safeguards to minorities.

            4. Democracy, socialism, peace, human welfare.

Q2.      Write the significance of Indian constitution.

Ans.     1.Largest Democracy.

            2. Secular nation.

            3. Fundamental rights to all citizen.

Q3.      What is constituent assembly?

Ans.     1.Constiuent assembly was formed to draft the Indian constitution. It had 300 members.

S.A. (4 Marks)

Q4.      Why did Mahatma Gandhi believe that Hindustani should be the official language of India?

And.    1.Because it was the official language of common people.

            2. Most of the regional language of India was very close to the Hindustani.

            3. It was a combination of sensitized Hindi and Persianised Urdu.

            4. It was a multi-cultural language.

Q5.      Why was Govind Ballabh Pant against the separate electorate?

Ans.     1.Because this will isolate the minorities from the rest of the community.

            2. Majorities will never convert to majority.

            3. He was against the divide loyalties.

Q6.      Give some arguments in favor of a strong center.

Ans.     1.For peace, low and order.

            2. Strong position of country in the international sphere.

            3. To stop communal powers and terrorism.

            4. National Security.

L. A. (8 Marks)

Q7.      What were the challenges before the constituent assembly?

Ans.     1.In India there was different languages, religiousness cultures.

            2. Country was going through constitution turmoil.

            3. The problem with separate electorates.

            4. The division of rights between state and central government.

            5. The language of the Nation.

            6. The problem of SC/CT and other depressed castes.

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